Jump to content

Tongariro National Park

Coordinates: 39°17′27″S 175°33′44″E / 39.29083°S 175.56222°E / -39.29083; 175.56222
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tongariro National Park
Mahuia River, Tongariro National Park
Map
Interactive map of Tongariro National Park
LocationRuapehu District, New Zealand
Nearest cityNational Park, New Zealand
Coordinates39°17′27″S 175°33′44″E / 39.29083°S 175.56222°E / -39.29083; 175.56222
Area795.96 km2 (307.32 sq mi)
EstablishedOctober 1887
Governing bodyDepartment of Conservation
Whakapapa Visitor Centre
Private Bag
Mount Ruapehu 2650
CriteriaCultural and Natural: (vi), (vii), (viii)
Reference421bis
Inscription1990 (14th Session)
Extensions1993

Tongariro National Park (/ˈtɒŋɡərɪroʊ/; Māori: [tɔŋaɾiɾɔ]), located in the central North Island, is the oldest national park in New Zealand.[1] It has been acknowledged by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site of mixed cultural and natural values.[2]

Tongariro National Park was the sixth national park[3] established in the world.[1] The active volcanic mountains Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, and Tongariro are located in the centre of the park.[1]

There are a number of Māori religious sites within the park,[4] and many of the park's summits, including Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu, are tapu, or sacred.[5] The park includes many towns around its boundary including Ohakune, Waiouru, Horopito, Pokaka, Erua, National Park Village, Whakapapa skifield and Tūrangi.

Tongariro National Park is home to the famed Tongariro Alpine Crossing, widely regarded as one of the world's best one-day hikes.[6][7]

Māori relationship to the mountains

[edit]

In Māori legend the volcanoes in Tongariro National Park are personified. Various versions[8][9] of the basic story exist: Tongariro and Taranaki were both in love with Ruapehu or Pihanga and had a great battle. Taranaki lost the battle and fled west towards the coast, carving out the Whanganui River on the way. The Tama Lakes (Māori: Ngā puna a Tama), two crater lakes between Mount Ruapehu and Mount Ngauruhoe, are said to represent the gap left when Taranaki departed.[10]

In 2017, the Department of Conservation issued a notice advising visitors not to climb to the summits of the mountains in Tongariro National Park because they are sacred to local iwi.[11] Some Māori view the mountains as their ancestors, with the peaks being the heads of the ancestors, and see it as wrong to stand on the heads of the ancestors.[12] The notice also asked tourist operators to "remove all references to summit side trips or ascending peaks in the park, remove any images of people touching or swimming in sacred lakes and to stop referring to Mt Ngāuruhoe as Mt Doom".[12] Following the advisory notice, Department of Conservation staff noticed a significant decrease in the numbers of people summiting mountains in the park.[12]

The park falls in the tribal areas (rohe) of two main iwi: Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Ngāti Rangi. The northern and western parts of the park, extending south to the summit of Ruapehu, belong to Ngāti Tūwharetoa while Ngāti Rangi's area includes the southern and south-western flank of Ruapehu.[13][14][15] Other iwi with traditional interests in the park are the upper Whanganui iwi Ngāti Hāua and Te Korowai o Wainuiārua from the Whanganui River.[16][17]

The Waitangi Tribunal's national park inquiry in 2004 to 2013 investigated Treaty of Waitangi claims relating to Tongariro National Park. In July 2018, the Crown met representatives of some iwi and it was agreed that negotiations would be delayed until all groups with interests in the park had had their settlements progressed, at which time cultural redress would be developed.[17] The cultural redress process seeks to protect spiritually significant sites, recognise the traditional relationships of iwi with the environment and give claimants greater power to participate in managing the places involved.[18]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

According to Māori oral history, Ngāti Tuwharetoa ancestor Ngātoro-i-rangi climbed the volcanoes 30 generations ago, naming Tongariro and other landscape features and claiming the area for his descendants.[19]

Around 1750, Te Rangihiroa, son of local chief Pakaurangi, was said to have explored the area around the volcanoes in the park. The Māori name for Blue Lake (near the Tongariro Alpine Crossing), Te Wai-whakaata-o-te-Rangihiroa, can be translated as 'Rangihiroa's mirror'. Te Rangihiroa's sister was Te Maari, whose name was given to the Te Maari craters on Tongariro.[20]

John Bidwill is thought to be the first European to climb Mount Ngauruhoe, in March 1839. His Māori guides refused to take him to the summit because it was sacred or tapu, so Bidwill climbed alone. He was met with anger when he returned to the village he had started from.[21] Bidwill may also have climbed Mount Tongariro.[22] The chief Mananui Te Heu Heu Tūkino II then placed a tapu on the area, denying Dieffenbach, Governor George Grey and Hochstetter permission to ascend the volcanoes,[4] and the artist George French Angas was forbidden from sketching the mountains.[23][24] Mananui and many of his family died in a landslide in 1846. His body was put in a vault at Pūkawa, and later taken to a burial cave on Mount Tongariro. In 1910, Mananui's remains were reinterred in a tomb at Waihī.[25]

Henry Dyson made an ascent of Ngauruhoe[26] in March 1851, defying Mananui's tapu but with the support of Te Herekiekie of Tokaanu.[22][27] Pierce Connelly, an artist, climbed Ngauruhoe in 1877 and William Collie, photographer, climbed Ngauruhoe in 1878.[28] Both were stripped of their belongings for breaking the tapu on the mountain.[29][30] Donald Manson, a watch salesman from the United States, climbed Ngauruhoe[31] in 1881 after paying Māori £10 for permission to do so.[29]

Park establishment

[edit]

With the mountain summits being of great significance to local Māori, and in order to prevent the selling of the mountains to European settlers, in 1886 the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi had the mountains surveyed in the Native Land Court and then set aside (whakatapua) as a reserve in the names of certain chiefs. One of these chiefs was Te Heuheu Tūkino IV (Horonuku), son of Mananui Te Heuheu Tūkino II and the most significant chief of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi. Later the peaks of Mount Tongariro, Mount Ngauruhoe, and parts of Mount Ruapehu, were conveyed to the Crown on 23 September 1887, on condition that a protected area was established there.

This 26.4 km2 area was generally considered to be too small to establish a national park after the model of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States, and so further areas were acquired. When the New Zealand Parliament passed the Tongariro National Park Act in October 1894,[32] the park covered an area of about 252.13 km2, but it took until 1907 to acquire the land.[33]

In 1908, a scientific party consisting of botanist Leonard Cockayne, forester and surveyor Edward Phillips Turner and geologist Robert Speight spent several months exploring and surveying the park.[34] Their report presented to Parliament detailed the flora and fauna and geology of the region, and recommended that the park's boundaries be expanded.[35] Cockayne also noted that it was important to protect the environment from development and introduced pests.[36][37]

When the Act was renewed in 1922, the park area was extended to 586.8 km2. Further extensions, especially Pihanga Scenic Reserve in 1975,[2] enlarged the park to its current size of 786.23 km2. The last modification to the Act was passed in 1980. Tongariro National Park has been under the control of the New Zealand Department of Conservation since the creation of the department in 1987. A plaque at the Whakapapa Visitor Centre commemorates Te Heuheu's gift to New Zealand.[38]

Tongariro deed of gift between Te Heuheu Tūkino IV of Ngāti Tūwharetoa and the Crown (1887)

Development

[edit]

The first activity in the young Tongariro National Park was the construction of tourist huts at the beginning of the 20th century, but it was not until the opening of the North Island Main Trunk railway line between Auckland and Wellington in 1908 and the building of roads in the 1920s that a significant number of people visited the park. This early tourist development explains the rather uncommon existence of a permanently inhabited village and fully developed ski area within a national park. Skiing on the mountains in the park became popular from about 1914, when the Ruapehu Ski Club was established.[39] The first ski hut was built on Mt Ruapehu in 1923 at an elevation of 1770 m,[40] and a ski lift was constructed in 1938–1939.[41] The second Tongariro National Park Act, in 1922, started some active conservation efforts, and in 1923 a park ranger was appointed.[42][43]

The first motor vehicle reached Whakapapa village via the Bruce Road in August 1925, after the previous rough cart track was upgraded by prison labour and a bridge was built over the Whakapapa River.[44] This led to an influx of tourists and demands for more accommodation at Whakapapa.[45] The hotel Chateau Tongariro at Whakapapa opened in 1929 with 95 bedrooms and associated cheaper lodges for trampers.[46] The road was extended beyond Whakapapa Village after World War 2.[47] Road access to the park was further improved in the 1960s with the development of roads needed for building the Tongariro Power Scheme.[48]

World Heritage Site

[edit]

In 1990, New Zealand nominated Tongariro National Park as a World Heritage Site. World Heritage Sites are places protected under a treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific heritage considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. The government's nomination stated that the park was valuable under the 'Natural Property' category for its chain of volcanoes aligned along a tectonic plate boundary, showing Earth's evolutionary history; its ongoing geological processes and associated plant environments; and its outstanding natural phenomena and beauty. Mount Ruapehu was said to be the "most active composite volcano in the world", making it ideal for scientific observation. Crater Lake on Mount Ruapehu was stated to be unique due to its glacial setting and frequent eruptions, making it a case study of the lahar-producing interaction of magma and lake water.[2] The park was listed for its natural features in 1990, and in 1993 it achieved dual heritage status for having both natural values and Māori cultural and spiritual significance.[49] This was the first national park in the world to have its spiritual significance recognised as a "cultural landscape", an initiative supported by Tumu Te Heuheu of Ngati Tuwharetoa.[50]

Sunrise on Tongariro National Park
Panorama of Mount Ruapehu and Mount Ngauruhoe looking west from the Desert Road in January 2015

Geography

[edit]

Location and size

[edit]

Tongariro National Park covers 786 km2 stretching between 175° 22' and 175° 48' East and 38° 58' and 39° 25' South in the heart of the North Island of New Zealand.[51] It is just a few kilometres west-southwest of Lake Taupō. It is 330 km south of Auckland by road, and 320 km north of Wellington. It contains a considerable part of the North Island Volcanic Plateau. Directly to the east stand the hills of the Kaimanawa Range.

Most of the park is located in the Ruapehu District (Manawatū-Whanganui region), although the northeast is in the Taupō District (Waikato Region, or Hawke's Bay Region to the north).

Park boundaries

[edit]
Satellite picture of Tongariro National Park

Tongariro National Park stretches around the massif of the three active volcanoes Mount Ruapehu, Mount Ngauruhoe, and Mount Tongariro. The Pihanga Scenic Reserve, containing Lake Rotopounamu, Mount Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif, though separate from the main park area, is still part of the national park.

On the park borders are the towns of Tūrangi, National Park Village and Ohakune. Further away are Waiouru and Raetihi. Within the park borders, the only settlements are the tourism-based village at Whakapapa Village which consists mainly of ski accommodation. Two Māori settlements, Papakai and Otukou, are not part of the park but lie on the shores of Lake Rotoaira between the Pihanga Scenic Reserve and the main park area.

The bulk of Tongariro National Park is surrounded by well-maintained roads that roughly follow the park borders and provide easy access. In the west, State Highway 4 passes National Park Village, and in the east, State Highway 1, known for this stretch as the Desert Road, runs parallel to the Tongariro River. State Highway 47 joins these two highways to the north of much of the park, although it bisects the Pihanga Scenic Reserve. The southern link is State Highway 49. The North Island Main Trunk railway from Auckland to Wellington passes National Park village.

Ketetahi hot springs is an area of 39 ha on the northern slope of Mount Tongariro which, although lying within the park boundaries, has never been part of Tongariro National Park. Hikers on the Tongariro Alpine Crossing were formerly allowed to pass by the hot springs, but the Māori owners, Ketetahi Springs Trust, closed the route because they objected to commercial guides making money from their land. In 2010, the Department of Conservation agreed to re-route the Tongariro Alpine Crossing so that it didn't cross the private land.[52][53]

Tawhai Falls, Jan 2014

Climate

[edit]

Like the whole of New Zealand, Tongariro National Park is situated in a temperate zone. The prevailing westerly winds gather water over the Tasman Sea. As the volcanoes of Tongariro National Park are the first significant elevations that these winds encounter on the North Island, besides Mount Taranaki, rain falls almost daily. The east–west rainfall differences are not as great as in the Southern Alps, because the three volcanoes do not belong to a greater mountain range, but there is still a noticeable rain shadow effect with the Rangipo desert on the eastern leeward side receiving 1,000 mm of rainfall annually. At Whakapapa Village (1119 m) the average annual rainfall is about 2200 mm, in Ohakune (610 m) about 1250 mm and at higher altitudes, such as Iwikau Village (1770 m), about 4900 mm. In winter there is snow to about 1500 m. Temperatures vary dramatically, even within one day. At Whakapapa, they can fall below freezing point all year round. The average temperature is 13 °C, with a maximum of 25 °C in summer and a minimum of −10 °C in winter. In some summers the summits of the three volcanoes are covered with snow; on top of Mount Ruapehu, snow fields can be found every summer and the summit is glaciated.[54]

Rivers

[edit]

Many rivers originate in the park, including the Waikato, Whangaehu and Whanganui. The Waikato River, which is sacred to Māori, rises on Mount Ruapehu.[55] Also rising on Ruapehu are the Wahianoa River, Whangaehu River and Mangawhero River.[56][57] To the west the Whanganui River and its tributary the Mangatepōpō Stream rise on Mount Tongariro, flowing eventually into the Whanganui National Park,[58][59][60] and the Tāwhitikuri Stream rises in the park and flows into the Mangatepōpō.[61] Water from streams and rivers which rise in the park is diverted into the Tongariro Power Scheme outside the park.[62][63]

Geology

[edit]
The three volcanoes: snow-capped Ruapehu (left), conical Ngauruhoe (centre) and broad-domed Tongariro (right)
Main article: North Island Volcanic Plateau

The park's volcanoes are at the southern end of a 2500 km long range of volcanoes, below which the Australian Plate meets the Pacific Plate. These volcanoes have resulted from internal tectonic processes. The Pacific Plate subducts under the Australian plate, and subsequently melts due to the high temperatures of the asthenosphere. This magma, being less dense, rises to the surface and goes through the weak parts of the Earth's crust (the faults) resulting in volcanic processes in the area.

Wahianoa Valley, a glaciated valley on the southeast side of Mount Ruapehu

Volcanic processes have been building the mountains of Tongariro National Park for over two million years. Three volcanoes (Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu) remain active, while the park's two northernmost volcanoes (Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif) last erupted over 20,000 years ago.[64] They have however produced significant historic mudflows.[65]

Erosion and deposition by mountain glaciers has also played an important role in shaping Tongariro and Ruapehu volcanoes. Small glaciers are present on the summit of Mt. Ruapehu today, however there is abundant geomorphological evidence for more extensive glaciation in the recent geological past. Glaciers were last present on Tongariro during the Last Glacial Maximum.[66]

Ecology

[edit]
Southern beech forest on the slopes of Mount Ruapehu

Flora

[edit]

Tongariro National Park is a rough and partly unstable environment. In the north and west of the park, a podocarp-broadleaf rain forest near Lake Taupō stretches over an area of 30 km2, and up to an elevation of 1000 m. In this rainforest live Hall's totara (Podocarpus laetus), kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), kāmahi (Weinmannia racemosa), pāhautea (Libocedrus bidwillii), and numerous epiphytic ferns, orchids, and fungi. Pāhautea trees can be found further on up to a height of 1530 m, where they cover 127.3 km2. On this level, one can also find a 50 km2 beech forest, containing red (Nothofagus fusca), silver (Nothofagus menziesii) and mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var cliffortioides). Understorey species within the forests include ferns such as crown fern (Blechnum discolor) as well as shrub species.[67] There is also a 95 km2 area of scrubland, containing kānuka (Leptospermum ericoides), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), inaka (Dracophyllum longifolium), woolly fringe moss (Rhacomitrium lanuginosum), small beeches and introduced heather.

Neinei (Dracophyllum recurvum) in Tongariro National Park

To the northwest, and around Mount Ruapehu, between an altitude of 1200 and 1500 m, large areas (around 150 km2) are covered with tussock shrubland and tussock grass. This tussock consists mainly of New Zealand red tussock grass (Chionochloa rubra), inaka, curled leaved neinei (Dracophyllum recurvum), wire rush (Empodisma minus), and bog rush (Schoenus pauciflorus), as well as heather and grasses like hard tussock (Festuca novaezelandiae) and bluegrass (Poa colensoi).

Above 1500 m, the terrain consists of gravel and stone fields and is accordingly unstable. Nevertheless, some plants occasionally settle there, such as curled leaved neinei, snow tōtara (Podocarpus nivalis), mountain snowberry (Gaultheria colensoi), bristle tussock (Rytidosperma setifolium), bluegrass and Raoulia albosericea, which cover an area of 165 km2. Between 1700 and 2020 m there are some isolated Parahebe species, Gentiana bellidifolia and buttercups. Above 2200 m live only crustose lichens.

Fauna

[edit]

There are 56 significant species of birds in the park, including rare endemic species like the North Island brown kiwi, kākā, blue duck, North Island fernbird, double-banded plover and New Zealand falcon/kārearea. Other bird species common in the park are tūī, New Zealand bellbird, morepork/ruru, grey warbler/riroriro, fantail, whitehead/pōpokotea and silvereye.[68] The park also features the only two native mammals of New Zealand, the short- and long-tailed bat.[69] Tongariro National Park also teems with insects like moths and wētā. Also present in the park, as well as the whole of New Zealand, are animals introduced by Europeans, such as black rats, stoats, cats, rabbits, hare, possums and red deer.[70]

Conservation

[edit]

Heather

[edit]

In the early 20th century, park administrators, including John Cullen, introduced heather to the park to make it suitable for grouse hunting.[71] Grouse were introduced in 1924,[72] but within a few years had disappeared.[73][74] The heather thrived, leading to criticism of its introduction as early as the 1920s[75] because it threatens the ecological system and endemic plants of the park. In 1996, the heather beetle, Lochmaea suturalis, was imported to deal with the invasive heather but initially this was not very successful. Between 1996–2018, only 5,000 ha of heather was damaged by the beetles.  However research in 2021 showed that the heather beetles were spreading and had been killing the heather. Since 2018 the beetles have damaged more than 35,000 ha of heather, reducing cover in affected areas by up to 99% and thereby allowing native plants to recover. The New Zealand Defence Force no longer needs to spray herbicide on large parts of its training ground next to the national park.[76][77] A 2024 study of heather in the park found that it was causing the disappearance of native ferns, sedges and rushes and affecting the growth pattern of red tussock. An underground fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the tussock was also affected by the spread of heather.[78]

Pine trees

[edit]

Pine trees were introduced into New Zealand in the 1930s for forestry and control of erosion, but wilding pines, coniferous trees grown from wind-blown seeds, have become a nationwide problem. Volunteers and the government have been working since the 1960s[79] to eradicate wilding pines on Mount Ruapehu, since they shut out native plants, consume water and degrade the environment. Tongariro National Park received funding from the National Wilding Conifer Control Programme which was set up in 2016 to produce a coordinated nationwide effort at pine control.[80][81] By 2023 the Conifer Control Programme had stopped the spread of wilding pines in the Tongariro area including the national park and removed most sources of seeds.[82]

Kaimanawa horses

[edit]

Until the mid-20th century, wild horses descended from animals brought to New Zealand in the 1800s roamed in the national park and surrounding areas.[83][43] After the population declined due to hunting and habitat changes, the horses, today known as the Kaimanawa horses, came under government protection in 1981. The population is managed by the Department of Conservation to ensure the horses' current range does not extend back into Tongariro National Park.[84][85]

Deer, goats and pigs

[edit]

Red deer were released periodically in Tongariro National Park from the late 19th century, and sika deer introduced to the Kaimanawas in 1905 later spread to the park.[86][87] By the 1940s deer were recognised as a menace to local plant life, and the government made efforts to reduce the population through culling.[88][89] During 1962, deer were regularly sighted within metres of the Chateau, a sign that the population was higher than officials had thought.[90] Private hunters can shoot deer in the park as a means to keep the population down.

Alongside a goat control programme in Tongariro Forest adjacent to Tongariro National Park, the Department of Conservation (DoC) is vigilant about detecting feral goats within the park. In 2024, a helicopter using thermal imaging technology searched 16,000 ha of the park for goats, but none were found. DoC states that regular surveillance and early action is more cost-effective than trying to root out a population that has already become established.[91][92]

Pigs are found in low numbers in the Rotopounamu-Mount Pihanga area and the northern slopes of Mount Tongariro. Pigs affect plant life by eating seedlings and berries and rooting up the roots of trees and plants. Disturbance of plant roots also increases erosion and sends sediment into rivers. Pigs have also been known to eat the eggs of ground-dwelling birds such as kiwi.[93]: 70  The Department of Conservation keeps numbers down by hunting, and private hunting is allowed.[70] 

Project Tongariro

[edit]

The Tongariro Natural History Society (known as Project Tongariro) is a conservation group set up by volunteers in 1984 as a memorial to national park staff lost in a 1982 helicopter accident.[94] Since the 1980s the group has undertaken many projects in Tongariro National Park, including ecological restoration at Lake Rotopounamu, restoration of sites used in filming the Lord of the Rings, surveys of blue duck habitats, and restoration of the Hapuawhenua Viaduct in the park.[94][95]

Over-tourism

[edit]

In the period July 2022 – March 2023, 9% of international visitors visited Tongariro National Park.[96] Over-tourism is a problem in the park, particularly on the Tongariro Alpine Crossing where visitor numbers increased from 10,000 in 1990 to 125,000 in 2015.[97] In addition to the difficulties of managing greater numbers of vehicles, rubbish disposal and toilet facilities, the environment becomes degraded and park staff face more callouts for visitors needing rescue.[98] In an attempt to manage the situation, in 2023 the Department of Conservation put in place a booking system for those wishing to walk the Tongariro Alpine Crossing.[99]

Activities

[edit]
Ruapehu seen from Whakapapa Village, Tongariro National Park. This road climbs to Iwikau Village, which provides access to ski fields.

The main recreational activities in the park are hiking and climbing in summer, and skiing and snowboarding in winter. There are also opportunities for hunting, game fishing, mountain biking, horse riding, rafting and scenic flights.

Hiking and walking

[edit]

The most popular track in Tongariro National Park is the Tongariro Alpine Crossing. Most of the track is also part of the Tongariro Northern Circuit, a two- to four-day hike, which is one of New Zealand's ten Great Walks. Side trips to the summits of Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe are possible on these tracks. Another route is the three- to six-day Round the Mountain Track around Mount Ruapehu. Besides these, there are numerous shorter tracks appropriate for day tramps. With this track net, three camp sites, two emergency shelters, nine public and four private huts and the facilities in Whakapapa, the park is well developed for tourism. These tracks also serve as winter routes, as well as the track to the summit of Mount Ruapehu. Rock-climbing is also an option.

View of Mt. Ngauruhoe from Tongariro Alpine Crossing trail

Te Ara Mangawhero cycling and walking track

[edit]

The first stage of Te Ara Mangawhero, a cycling and walking track between Mount Ruapehu and Ohakune, opened on 4 November 2024. The iwi Ngāti Rangi, the Department of Conservation and Ruapehu District Council collaborated to build the 11.4 km loop track which is expected to bring tourists to the area.[100] The track passes through sub-alpine forest along an old bush tramway.[100][101] Eventually the track is expected to extend towards Turoa ski field and form part of the Mountains to Sea trail from Mount Ruapehu down the Whanganui River to the sea.[100][102][101]

Skiing

[edit]

Snow season is from late June to early November. The biggest ski area, Whakapapa, is on the north-western slopes of Mount Ruapehu. It has 15 lifts, covering an area of 5.5 km2. Directly next to the ski field are 47 ski club huts: most of them also accommodate non-club members. The next settlement is at the base of the mountain, in Whakapapa Village. A slightly smaller ski field called Turoa is on the south-western slope. Though it has only nine lifts, the 5 km2 skiing area is almost as large as Whakapapa's. There is no accommodation at the ski field: the nearest town is Ohakune. These two ski fields came under common management in 2000.[103] The company later went into receivership, and in November 2023, Pure Tūroa, a Māori collective, took over a 10-year lease of Turoa. Management of Whakapapa remained with the receivers.[104][105]

Besides these major ski fields, there is also the Tukino ski area, a club ski field open to the public. This ski field is run by Tukino Mountain Clubs Association which is made up of Desert Alpine Ski Club, Tukino Alpine Sports Club and the Aorangi Ski Club on the south-eastern slope. The ski clubs each have a 32 guest club on the field accessed by a 4WD road from State Highway 1. Tukino Ski Area has three nutcracker rope tows and covers 1.7 km2.[106]

Historic sites

[edit]

Several publicly-accessible historic sites can be visited within the park.

photo of steel trussed curving railway bridge
1908 Hapuawhenua Viaduct on the North Island Main Trunk line.

Waihohununu Hut is located on the north-east slope of Mount Ruapehu near the Desert Road. It was built by the Tourist and Health Resorts Department on its current site in 1904, was the first hut built in Tongariro National Park and is New Zealand's oldest existing mountain hut. It was built to house tourists travelling to the park by coach, but use declined somewhat after the Main Trunk railway line was constructed at the other side of the park. The hut was used regularly until 1968, when it was replaced by a new hut with the same name, and since 1979 the original hut has been maintained as a historic site. It was registered as a Historic Place Category 1 by the Historic Places Trust (now Heritage New Zealand) in 1993.[107][108]

The Taonui Viaduct (1907) and Hapuawhenua Viaduct (1908), located between Ohakune and Horopito, were constructed as part of the North Island Main Trunk railway line. Together they form a pair of large curved steel truss railway viaducts, which is unique in New Zealand. At 284m long, the Hapuawhenua Viaduct is the longest of the existing viaducts that were built on the NIMT (The Mangaweka Viaduct was longer, but was demolished in the 1980s). Both viaducts were in use until 1987, when the Horopito Deviation opened. The railway tracks on both viaducts were lifted, and a walkway of old sleepers was created along the centre of the deck of the Hapuawhenua Viaduct. A. J. Hackett briefly operated a bungy jumping business from the viaduct in 1988. The Hapuawhenua Viaduct was listed as a Historic Place Category 1 in 1995, and in 2009 the Taonui Viaduct was also listed as a Historic Place Category 1. In 2009, the newly conserved Hapuawhenua Viaduct opened to the public as a walking and cycling track.[109][110]

Fergusson Cottage at Whakapapa Village was listed as a Historic Place Category 2 by Heritage New Zealand in 2005. It was built in 1924 and is the oldest extant structure in the village. As the third hut built in the area for visiting hikers and skiers, it was initially known as 'No. 3 Hut' and was also known as 'Ladies Hut', accommodating women in mixed parties. After Lady Fergusson stayed there in August 1926, the hut's name was changed to Fergusson Cottage. The cottage was later extended and modified several times. It was used as accommodation for Chateau Tongariro staff until 1993, when it became a café.[111][112]

[edit]

A 1984 feature film, Wild horses, was filmed in the park. The plot centres around conflict between Kaimanawa horse wranglers, deer cullers and park rangers.[113]

Mount Tongariro and Mount Ngauruhoe were one of the several locations where Peter Jackson shot The Lord of the Rings film trilogy; tours to view these places are commonly arranged by the tour's operators and lodges.[114]

Mount Ngauruhoe was also featured in Hunt for the Wilderpeople.[115]

Tongariro National Park landscapes were used as backgrounds for Queen Bavmorda's castle in the 1988 film Willow.[116]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Department of Conservation: "Tongariro National Park: Features" Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 21 April 2013
  2. ^ a b c World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Summary: 421 Tongariro National Park (New Zealand). IUCN. August 1990. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  3. ^ Hardy, Uniqua (10 May 2016). "The 10 Oldest National Parks in the World". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  4. ^ a b Beetham, George (1926). "Introduction by T. E. Donne". The First Ascent of Mount Ruapehu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  5. ^ Cowan, James (1927). "Chapter II: The Mountains of the Gods". The Tongariro National Park, New Zealand – Its topography, geology, alpine and volcanic features, history and Maori folk-lore. pp. 29–33. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  6. ^ Julie (31 January 2016). "20 Best Day Hikes in the World (+ Map & Photos)". Earth Trekkers. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  7. ^ Roberts, Tim. "World's 10 Best Day Hikes". www.storylines.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  8. ^ An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand (1966). "Maori Legend of Mounts Ruapehu and Taranaki (Egmont)". Te Ara. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  9. ^ Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (12 June 2006). "Battle of the mountains". Te Ara.
  10. ^ "Ascent of Ngauruhoe". Auckland Star. 25 May 1907 – via Papers Past.
  11. ^ Schroeter, Miri (16 October 2017). "Trampers told not to climb Tongariro Crossing's Mount Doom". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  12. ^ a b c Soukoutou, Ruth (18 March 2020). "To summit or not to summit?". Wilderness Magazine. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  13. ^ "Ngāti Tūwharetoa | Te Kahui Mangai". www.tkm.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  14. ^ "Ngāti Rangi | Te Kahui Mangai". www.tkm.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  15. ^ "Ngāti Rangi claims settlement right of first refusal" (PDF). Toitū te Whenua: Land Information New Zealand. 30 July 2024. p. 2. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  16. ^ "Ngāti Hāua (Upper Whanganui) | Te Kahui Mangai". www.tkm.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  17. ^ a b "Process of cultural redress negotiations for Tongariro National Park" (PDF). Te Arawhiti: The Office for Māori Crown Relations. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  18. ^ Healing the past, building a future (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Office of Treaty Settlements. 2018. p. 90. ISBN 9780478324365.
  19. ^ "History and culture". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  20. ^ "Tongariro Alpine Crossing". National Park Villages. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  21. ^ "Pioneer climber". New Zealand Herald. 4 March 1939 – via Papers Past.
  22. ^ a b "A short account of the ascent of the volcanic mountain of Tongariro in the North Island of New Zealand, by Mr. Henry Dyson". New Zealander. 30 March 1853 – via Papers Past.
  23. ^ "Scenes in New Zealand". Daily Southern Cross. 28 June 1864 – via Papers Past. During my stay at Taupo, I frequently experienced considerable difficulty, when sketching, from the prevalence of the tapu, so many objects being considered as sacred. [...] Even Tongariro itself I was forbidden to represent.
  24. ^ Stokes, Evelyn (October 2000). "4.1 Pakeha Visitors in the 1840s". The Legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori Customary Use of Geothermal Resources [research report] (PDF). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. pp. 53–59.
  25. ^ Hura, Elizabeth (1990). "Te Heuheu Tūkino II, Mananui". Te Ara. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  26. ^ In those days, Ngauruhoe was often named as Tongariro instead of being recognised as a separate mountain. Dyson describes the cone of Ngauruhoe.
  27. ^ Alexandre, James W (December 1931). "The Ruapehu Crater Lake". The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. XXV (10): 430 – via Harvard University. A Mr. Dyson broke through the native outposts and ascended Ngauruhoe in 1851 and thereby greatly angered old Iwikau Te Heuheu.
  28. ^ Photography, Early Canterbury. "Early New Zealand Photographers: Ngauruhoe". Early New Zealand Photographers. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  29. ^ a b "The ascent of Tongariro". Nelson Evening Mail. 16 January 1882 – via Papers Past.
  30. ^ "[untitled]". Marlborough Daily Times. 21 December 1881. p. 2 – via Papers Past.
  31. ^ "Brief mention". Observer. 21 January 1882 – via Papers Past. Mr Manson, of Waltham watch fame, has written a letter to the Napier Daily Telegraph about his ascent of Tongariro. He says there is no active volcano in Tongariro, and that neither Sir George Grey nor any other person made an ascent to the volcano of Auruhoe (which is the correct name for the so-called volcano of Tongariro).
  32. ^ "Tongariro National Park Act 1894 (58 VICT 1894 No 55)". www.nzlii.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Local and general". Taranaki Daily News. 5 September 1907. p. 2 – via Papers Past. This week's Gazette contains a notification that 63,300 acres in the counties of East Taupo, West Taupo, and Waimarino have been set apart as a national park, to be known as the Tongariro National Park.
  34. ^ "Scientists at work". New Zealand Herald. 17 January 1908 – via Papers Past.
  35. ^ "The National Park". The Dominion. 31 July 1908 – via Papers Past.
  36. ^ "[untitled]". Evening Post. 20 February 1908. p. 2 – via Papers Past.
  37. ^ "A national domain". Lyttelton Times. 29 August 1908 – via Papers Past.
  38. ^ Wikaira, Martin (1 March 2017). "Plaque, Tongariro National Park". Te Ara.
  39. ^ "Ski-ing and winter climbing". Wanganui Herald. 26 July 1915 – via Papers Past.
  40. ^ "[untitled]". Poverty Bay Herald. 12 January 1924. p. 4 – via Papers Past. Mr. W. Salt, a well-known mountaineer, with his party, spent part of the holidays at the National Park, [...] completing the erection of the Ski Club's hut on Ruapehu at an altitude of 6000 ft. The hut which is situated at the foot of the Whakapapa Glacier, will be a great boon to mountaineers.
  41. ^ "A new facility for National Park skiers". New Zealand Herald. 17 October 1939 – via Papers Past.
  42. ^ "A valuable asset". New Zealand Times. 29 January 1923 – via Papers Past.
  43. ^ a b "Mountain ranger". New Zealand Herald. 6 October 1931 – via Papers Past.
  44. ^ "Motoring to Ruapehu". New Zealand Herald. 6 August 1925 – via Papers Past.
  45. ^ "The National Park: Influx for holidays". New Zealand Herald. 29 March 1927 – via Papers Past.
  46. ^ "Chateau Tongariro". New Zealand Herald. 28 October 1929 – via Papers Past.
  47. ^ "Programme of improvement to Tongariro National Park". Wanganui Chronicle. 18 October 1949 – via Papers Past.
  48. ^ "Hydro scheme roads provide new scenic drives". The Press. 17 May 1967 – via Papers past.
  49. ^ "World Heritage site". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  50. ^ "Our guardian of world heritage". The New Zealand Herald. 23 June 2007. ProQuest 430120990.
  51. ^ "Data Table – Protected Areas – LINZ Data Service". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  52. ^ "Tongariro Alpine Crossing has to be moved". The New Zealand Herald. 15 November 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  53. ^ "Volcanic Springs". www.volcanic-springs.com. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  54. ^ "Tongariro Weather". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  55. ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (2015). "Waikato places - Waikato River". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  56. ^ "Wahianoa River". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  57. ^ "Whangaehu River". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  58. ^ Beaglehole, Diana (2015). "Whanganui places - Whanganui River". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  59. ^ "Whanganui River". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  60. ^ "Mangatepopo Stream". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  61. ^ "Tawhitikuri Stream". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  62. ^ Chapple, Keith (1987). The rape of the Wanganui River: one of New Zealand's most misguided engineering projects. Taumarunui: C&S Publications. ISBN 0-908724-11-X.
  63. ^ "Tongariro Power Scheme". www.genesisenergy.co.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  64. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Northern Tongariro Group". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  65. ^ Topping, Wayne William (1974). Some Aspects of Quaternary History of Tongariro Volcanic Centre (thesis). Wellington: Victoria University. doi:10.26686/wgtn.19252133. hdl:10063/855.
  66. ^ Eaves, Shaun R.; N. Mackintosh, Andrew; Winckler, Gisela; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Alloway, Brent V.; Townsend, Dougal B. (15 January 2016). "A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 132: 40–56. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004.
  67. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  68. ^ "Explore Hotspots – eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  69. ^ "Mountain Ecosytems". Waikato Biodiversity Forum. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  70. ^ a b "Pests and weeds". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  71. ^ "New National Highway". The New Zealand Herald. 6 March 1917. p. 6. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  72. ^ "Importation of grouse". Otago Witness. 14 April 1925 – via Papers Past.
  73. ^ "Local and general". Hawera Star. 25 June 1930 – via Papers Past.
  74. ^ "Liberation of grouse". Taranaki Daily News. 28 October 1931 – via Papers Past.
  75. ^ "A dangerous fad". Auckland Star. 31 January 1924 – via Papers Past.
  76. ^ "Tucking into Tongariro heather". Manaaki Whenua. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  77. ^ "Heather beetle". Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  78. ^ "Dramatic decline in Tongariro's native plants as invasive heather spreads". Stuff. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  79. ^ "Trampers to tackle wilding pines". Whanganui Chronicle. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  80. ^ Ormond, Georgie (8 March 2019). "Wilding pines cleared from Mt Ruapehu by volunteers and conservation workers". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  81. ^ "Pressure going on runaway Central North Island pines". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  82. ^ "Wilding Control Progress: North Island | Wilding Pines". www.wildingpines.nz. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  83. ^ "Tongariro National Park". The Dominion. 31 August 1908 – via Papers Past.
  84. ^ "Kaimanawa horses plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  85. ^ "Kaimanawa horses". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  86. ^ "Town and country". New Zealand Times. 23 March 1897 – via Papers Past.
  87. ^ "Sika Liberation and Distribution in New Zealand". Hunters New Zealand. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  88. ^ "Deer menace". Otago Daily Times. 7 December 1948. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024 – via Papers Past.
  89. ^ "Deer culling in National Park is progressing well". Wanganui Chronicle. 4 March 1949 – via Papers Past.
  90. ^ "Deer near Chateau". 13 December 1962. Archived from the original on 21 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024 – via Papers Past.
  91. ^ "Goat control: Helicopters search Tongariro National Park for feral pests". The New Zealand Herald. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  92. ^ "No goats detected in Tongariro National Park, but no time for complacency". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  93. ^ Tongariro National Park Management Plan (PDF). Tūrangi, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. October 2006. ISSN 0111-5804.
  94. ^ a b "Our Story". Project Tongariro. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  95. ^ "Past Projects". Project Tongariro. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  96. ^ Understanding 2022/23 visitor activity (PDF). Department of Conservation. September 2023.
  97. ^ "The Great Tourism Squeeze: New Zealand signature walk overrun by tourists". The New Zealand Herald. 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  98. ^ Mitchell, Charlie (11 August 2016). "Overcrowding a growing issue in New Zealand's national parks". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  99. ^ "Sustainable visitor management for Tongariro". www.doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 11 November 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  100. ^ a b c Ellis, Moana (4 November 2024). "'Ray of hope': Te Ara Mangawhero cycle trail opens on Ruapehu". Stuff. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  101. ^ a b Reid, Olivia (1 November 2024). "New Mountain to Sea trail showcases beauty of eco-tourism". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  102. ^ "Te Ara Mangawhero | Mountains to Sea NZ". www.mountainstosea.nz. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  103. ^ Weir, James (15 November 2000). "Monopoly commission okays ski-field takeover". Dominion. ProQuest 315162492.
  104. ^ "Iwi collective wants to manage RAL". The Daily Post. 15 November 2023. ProQuest 2889586021.
  105. ^ "Pure Tūroa Limited to operate Tūroa ski field". LiveNews.co.nz. 6 April 2024. ProQuest 3033627457.
  106. ^ "Tūkino Ski Field". Visit Ruapehu. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  107. ^ "Waihohonu Hut". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  108. ^ "History of Waihohonu Hut". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  109. ^ "Hapuawhenua Viaduct". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  110. ^ "Taonui Viaduct". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  111. ^ "Fergusson Cottage Complex". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  112. ^ "General news". Press. 10 December 1924 – via Papers Past. Visitors to Tongariro National Park, who have arranged to camp at the Whakapapa Huts during the coming holidays, will be assured of a good deal more comfort than was the case in the pioneering stages of development at this wonderful resort [...]. There are now three huts at Whakapapa, one of which is reserved for women.
  113. ^ NZ On Screen. "Wild Horses". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  114. ^ Harry, Baker (27 September 2022). "Acid lake atop real-life 'Mount Doom' captured in striking new image from space station". Space.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  115. ^ Smith, Anna (11 September 2016). "Hunt for the wilder side of New Zealand". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  116. ^ "Where was Willow filmed? The Castle & All the 1988 Locations". Atlas of Wonders. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bovey, Des (2023)Tongariro national park: an artists field guide. Nelson: Potton & Burton. ISBN 9781988550510
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tongariro National Park.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tongariro National Park.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongariro_National_Park&oldid=1265609454"